HYPERELASTIC MATERIAL MODELS IN FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS (FEA) OF POLYMER AND RUBBER COMPONENTS

INTRODUCTION:

Finite element analysis is widely used in the design and analysis of elastomer components in the automotive and aerospace industry. Numerous publications [7-11] addressed the applications of FEA and have established the method as a reliable tool to predict stress analysis parameters under different loading conditions. In this report we have studied the different material models available to simulate elastomer behavior. Nonlinear Finite element code Abaqus® was used to develop the 2D Axisymmetric and 3D models. Generalized continuum axisymmetric and hexahedral elements were used to model the structures in two and three dimensions using these hyperelastic material models. Testing of materials to characterize the rubber compounds has been carried out in-house and the material constants have been developed using the regression analysis based curve-fitting procedure.

MATERIAL TESTING AND CHARACTERIZATION PROCEDURE:

The application of computational mechanics analysis techniques to elastomers presents unique challenges in modeling the following characteristics:

  1. The load-deflection behavior of an elastomer is markedly non-linear.
  2. The recoverable strains can be as high 400 % making it imperative to use the large deflection theory.
  3. The stress-strain characteristics are highly dependent on temperature and rate effects.
  4. Elastomers are nearly incompressible.
  5. Viscoelastic effects are significant.

Finite element codes like Abaqus® Ansys®, LS-Dyna® and MSC-Marc® generally require the input of test data covering the maximum range, which the elastomer product experiences in service conditions. Test data from the main principal deformation modes are generally used as shown in Figure 1. When designing a product from scratch all the four tests can be used to generate the constants for the design but for failure analysis one may not have enough material to carry out all the tests.

Figure 1: AdvanSES Material Characterization Tests

STRAIN ENERGY FUNCTIONS:

In the FE analysis of elastomeric materials, the material is characterized by using different forms of the strain energy density function. The strain energy density of a solid can be defined as the work done per unit volume to deform a material from a stress free reference or original state to a final state. The strain energy density functions have been derived using a Statistical mechanics, and Continuum mechanics involving Invariant and Stretch based approaches.

  • Statistical Mechanics Approach

The statistical mechanics approach is based on the assumption that the elastomeric material is made up of randomly oriented molecular chains. The total end to end length of a chain (r) is given by

Where µ and lm are material constants obtained from the curve-fitting procedure and Jel is the elastic volume ratio.

·      Invariant Based Continuum Mechanics Approach

The Invariant based continuum mechanics approach is based on the assumption that for a isotropic, hyperelastic material the strain energy density function can be defined in terms of the Invariants. The three different strain invariants can be defined as

I1 = l12+l22+l32

I2 = l12l22+l22l32+l12l32

I3 = l12l22l32

With C01 = 0 the above equation reduces to the Neo-Hookean form.

  • Stretch Based Continuum Mechanics Approach

The Stretch based continuum mechanics approach is based on the assumption that the strain energy potential can be expressed as a function of the principal stretches rather than the invariants. The Stretch based Ogden form of the strain energy function is defined as

where µi and ai are material parameters and for an incompressible material Di=0.

            The choice of the material model depends heavily on the material and the stretch ratios (strains) to which it will be subjected during its service life. As a rule-of-thumb for small strains of approximately 100 % or lb2, simple models such as Mooney-Rivlin are sufficient but for higher strains a higher order material model as the Ogden model may be required to successfully simulate the ”upturn” or strengthening that can occur in some materials at higher strains.

Figure 2 shows the verification procedure that can be carried out to verify the FEA Model as well as the used material model. The procedure also validates the boundary conditions if the main deformation mode is simulated on an material testing system (MTS) and results verified computationally. Figure 2 shows a bushing on a testing jig, and the plot show the FEA model and load vs. displacement results compared to the experimental results. It is generally observed that verification procedures work very well for plane strain and axisymmetric cases and the use of 3-D modeling in the present procedure provides a more rigorous verification methodology.

 

Figure 2: Product Testing and FEA Model Verification Results

REFERENCES:

1) Gent, N. A., Engineering with Rubber: How to Design Rubber Components Hanser   Publishers, NY, 92

2) Srinivas, K., Material Characterization and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of High Performance Tires, Internation Rubber Conference at the India Rubber Expo, 2005.

3) ABAQUS Inc., ABAQUS: Theory and Reference Manuals HKS Inc., RI, 02

4) Bathe, K. J., Finite Element Procedures Prentice-Hall, NJ, 96

5) Dowling, N. E., Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Engineering Methods for

     Deformation, Fracture and Fatigue Prentice-Hall, NJ, 99

6) Morman, K., and Pan, T. Y. Application of Finite Element Analysis in the Design

of Automotive Elastomeric Components, Rubber Chemistry and  Technology, 1988

7) Gall, R. et al. Some Notes on the Finite Element Analysis of Tires, Tire Science and  Technology, Vol. 23 No. 3, 1995

8) Surendranath, H. and Kuessner, M. Assessment using Finite Element Analysis, Tire Technology International, 2003

9) Zhang, X., Rakheja, S., and Ganesan, R. Stress Analysis of the Multi-Layered System of a Truck Tire, Tire Science and Technology, Vol. 30 No. 4, 2002

10) Srinivas, K., Material Characterization and FEA of a Novel Compression Stress Relaxation Method to Evaluate Materials for Sealing Applications, 28th Annual Dayton-Cincinnati Aerospace Science Symposium, March 2003.

 

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Fatigue Design Optmization of Torque Arm Bush Mount for Heavy Truck Applications

Design Development and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of Torque Arm Bush Mount for Heavy Truck Applications

Abstract:

A Torque Arm Bush is a metal-elastomer bonded component that forms an integral part of a heavy truck bogie or suspension system. Many different designs exist in the market today and each one with its own unique geometry, material and load application conditions. This analysis demonstrates the hyperelastic material characterization testing, material constant generation and FEA on the component to predict the service performance.

Methodology:

The physics involved in the simulation are complex and can be summarized as follows:

  1. Elastomer performance is markedly non-linear.
  2. Loading conditions like axial, radial, conical, torsional must be defined in multiple steps as per the service conditions and loading cycles.
  3. Large strain deformation with contacts

Figure 1: Hyperelastic Material Characterization Testing               Figure 2: FEA Model of the Torque Arm Bush Mount Assembly

Approach:

  • Material Study and Characterization to understand static and dynamic material properties.
  • Develop material constants and design concepts based on load-deflection and performance characteristics.
  • Use Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to optimize the design and understand FMEA.
  • Provide assembly modeling & drawings for prototype manufacturing.

Figure 3: Shows the Comparison between FEA and Experimental Testing Results

Figure 4: Deformed Shape and Stress-Strain Distribution in the Torque Arm Bush Mount

Results and Discussion:

The principal deformation modes of a heavy duty suspension component were modeled in Abaqus using hyperelastic analysis. High stresses were noted along the curvature locations in the design under conical deformations and confirmed by fatigue testing. This  locations were identified as ‘hot-spots’ and are fatigue-critical locations. The geometrical and material parameters were optimized to better mitigating the stresses and reduce the fatigue failures.

References:

  1. Dassault Systemes, Abaqus theory and reference manuals
  2. Yunhi, Yu, Nagi G Naganathan, Rao V Dukkipati, A literature review of automotive vehicle engine mounting systems, Mechanism and Machine Theory Volume 36, Issue 1, January 2001.
  3. Srinivas, K., Material Characterization And CAE For Non-Metallic Materials & Manufacturing Processes, SAE Symposium on CAE Applications for Automotive Structures, Detroit, November 2005.

Technicals:

  • Advanced Softwares like Abaqus, Static testing machines are available in-house and design iterations can be carried out on the fly.
  • Full material characterization capabilities of polymeric materials for FEA
  • Capabilities for fatigue durability testing In-house.
  • Advanced material testing facilities like DMA, DSC, TGA and TMA also available.

 

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UNIAXIAL TENSION TEST: THE MOTHER OF ALL MECHANICAL TESTS

UNIAXIAL TENSION TEST: THE MOTHER OF ALL MECHANICAL TESTS

INTRODUCTION:

In engineering design and analysis, stress-strain relationships are needed to establish and verify the load-deflection properties of an engineering component under service loads and boundary conditions. From the tensile testing carried out to evaluate materials, various mechanical properties such as the yield strength, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio etc. are obtained. Strain hardening and true stress-strain etc. values can be calculated by means of conversion using equations from the stress-strain curve. The uniaxial tensile test is the primary method to evaluate the material and obtain the parameters. Uniaxial tension test is also the primary test method used for quality control and certification of virtually all ferrous and non-ferrous type of materials.

Standards for tensile testing were amongst the first published and the development of such standards continues today through the ASTM and ISO organizations. Reliable tensile data, which is now generated largely by computer controlled testing machines, is also crucial in the design of safety critical components automotive, aerospace and biomedical applications.

Tensile testing is also important for polymeric materials as they depend strongly on the strain rate because of their viscoelastic nature. Polymers exhibit time dependent deformation like relaxation and creep under service applications. Polymer properties also show a higher temperature dependency than metals. Multiple temperatures and strain rates are generally used to fully characterize polymer materials.


Figure 1: Uniaxial Tension Test on a Material Sample

Figure 2 shows sample uniaxial stress-strain results from testing a metal specimen. The X axis depicts the strain and Y axis the stress. The stress (σ) is calculated from;

σ = Load / Area of the material sample ……………………………………..(1)

The strain(ε) is calculated from;

ε = δl (change in length) / l1 (Initial length) ……………………………………..(2)

The slope of the initial linear portion of the curve (E) is the Young’s modulus and given by;

E = (σ2- σ1) / (ε2- ε1) ……………………………………..(3)

Point A in the graph shows the proportional limit of the material beyond which the material starts to yield. When this point is not clearly visible or decipherable in a test, the off yield strength at B is taken by offsetting the strain (F-G) by 0.2 % of the gauge length. Similarly, extension by yield under load (EUL) is calculated by offsetting the strain 0.5% of the gauge length. The region between points A and B on the graph is also purely elastic, with full recovery on the unloading of the metal, but it is not essentially linear.

Figure 2: Sample Uniaxial Stress-Strain Results from a Metal Specimen

TRUE STRESS-STRAIN CURVE:
Figure 2 shows the engineering stress-strain curve where the values of stress beyond the proportional limit do not give the true picture of stress in the sample as the cross-sectional area of the sample is assumed to be constant. The engineering stress-strain values can be converted to true stress-strain values by the following relation;

σt = σe (1 + εe) = σeλ , ……………………………………..(4)

εt = ln (1 +εe) = ln λ, where λ = initial length / final length …………………………………..(5)


Figure 3: Sample Uniaxial Stress-Strain Results for a Polymeric Rubber Material

Figure 3 shows typical uniaxial stress-strain results from a test on a 40 durometer rubber material. Unlike the results for the metal specimen the elastomer test results do not have or exhibit a yield limit. The material extends in the classical ‘S’ shape and results in a fracture at the end of the tests. Polymeric rubber materials exhibit the following characteristics;
• The load-deflection behavior of an elastomer is markedly non-linear.
• The recoverable strains can be as high 700 %.
• The stress-strain characteristics are highly dependent on temperature and rate effects are highly pronounced.
• Nearly incompressible behavior.
• Viscoelastic effects are significant.
Typical test results for rubber materials show the values of modulus at 100%, 200% and 300%. Modulus represents stress in such results.

SPECIFIC MECHANICAL ISSUES IN TESTING:

1. Strain Rate
2. Extensometry
3. Alignment and Gripping
4. Testing Machine Frame Compliance
5. Young’s Modulus Measurement
6. Specimen Geometry

Strain rate range of different material characterization test methods

1) Quasi-static tension tests 10-5 to 10-1 S-1
2) Dynamic tension tests 10-1 to 102 S-1
3) Very High Strain Rate or Impact tests 102 to 104 S-1

A fundamental difference between a high strain rate tension test and a quasi-static tension test is that inertia and wave propagation effects are present at high rates. An analysis of results from a high strain rate test thus requires consideration of the effect of stress wave propagation along the length of the test specimen in order to determine how fast a uniaxial test can be run to obtain valid stress-strain data.

IMPORTANCE OF THE UNIAXIAL TENSION TEST:
At the basic level apart from giving us an understanding about the ultimate strain and stress capabilities of the material, tensile tests provide us with information about the factor of safety that needs to be built-in the products using these materials.
1) Fatigue life of engineering materials can be calculated from tensile tests carried out on notched and unnotched specimens.
2) Aging and other environmental effects can be incorporated in the test procedure to characterize the material, as well as predict service life using techniques like Arrhenius equation.
3) Endurance limits in design calculations are calculated from the results obtained from uniaxial tension tests.
4) In manufacturing of rubber materials and products, it is used to determine batch quality and maintain consistency in material and product manufacturing.
5) Electromechanical servo based miniature tensile testing machines can be developed to study material samples of smaller size.

REFERENCES:
1. Dowling, N. E., Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture and Fatigue Prentice-Hall, NJ, 99
2. Roylance, D., Mechanical Properties of Materials, MIT, 2008.
3. Gedney, R., Tensile Testing Basics, Tips and Trends, Quality Magazine, 2005.
4. Loveday, M. S., Gray, T., Aegerter, J., Testing of Metallic Materials: A Review, NPL, 2004.
5. Srinivas, K., and Pannikottu, A., Material Characterization and FEA of a Novel Compression Stress Relaxation Method to Evaluate Materials for Sealing Applications at the 28th Annual Dayton-Cincinnati Aerospace Science Symposium, March 2003.
6. Ong, J.H., An Improved Technique for the Prediction of Axial Fatigue Life from Tensile Data, International Journal of Fatigue, 15, No. 3, 1993.
7. Manson, S.S. Fatigue: A Complex Subject–Some Simple Approximations, Experimental Mechanics, SESA Annual Meeting, 1965.
8. Yang, S.M., et al. Failure Life Prediction by Simple Tension Test under Dynamic Load, International Conference on Fracture, 1995.

 

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SERVICE LIFE PREDICTION OF POLYMER RUBBER COMPONENTS USING ACCELERATED AGING AND ARRHENIUS EQUATION

Introduction:

Polymeric rubber components are widely used in automotive, aerospace and biomedical systems in the form of seals, o-rings, gaskets, vibration isolators, suspension components etc. The service life of these systems is governed by the useful life of the polymeric materials used in these different applications. Aerospace and biomedical systems are expected to have service life in decades, while automotive components are expected to fully last the 5 years 100,000 warranted miles. Polymeric rubber components can get degraded when exposed to chemical and environmental degradants like ozone, UV rays, oxygen, thermal cycling, engine oils, water etc., and also due to mechanical service stress and strain conditions. It becomes very important to predict life of polymeric and rubber components under these degrading service environments. The most common approach is to accelerate the ageing of a material using elevated temperature tests combined with an extrapolation technique to predict the life time of the material/product at lower temperatures.

Theory and Technique:

One of the most widely used techniques to predict lifetimes of polymeric materials is the use of Arrhenius equation. The technique utilizes accelerated thermal aging of the materials under controlled conditions. Failure times and degradation rate studies are carried out at elevated temperatures and the data is used to extrapolate material performance to ambient conditions. Arrhenius extrapolations assume that a chemical degradation process is controlled by a reaction rate ‘k’,

k = A  e^{-Ea/(RT)}  OR  ln k = ln A +  {-Ea/(RT)}      ———————————(1)

where Ea is the Arrhenius activation energy, R is the universal gas constant (8.314 J/mol °K), T the absolute temperature and A the pre-exponential factor. A log-plot of degradation times (1/k) versus inverse temperature (1/T in °K) is expected to result in a straight line. The linear interpolations along this line can be used to predict properties to lower temperatures.

To be able to successfully use the Arrhenius equation, accelerated testing must be carried out at a minimum of four temperatures above the product application temperature.  To accurately estimate the degradation rate it is important to use a material property which exhibits sufficient range to assure a reliable and accurate determination of the property during the accelerated aging process.  Properties like tensile modulus, tear strength, stress relaxation modulus can be used to study the accelerated aging process and degradation rates.

Figure 1: Tensile Strength of Material at Various Temperatures and Aging Times

 

The identification of ageing mechanisms and the evaluation of dependence of these mechanisms on the mechanical properties of components is important. To successfully apply life prediction technique using the Arrhenius equation, the predominant degradation process has to systematically identified and an appropriate accelerated aging test to replicate the degradation process has to be carried out. The degradation process and failures of aged laboratory samples needs to be correlated to the components in the field. The accelerated aging temperatures need to be suitably chosen to correlate field degradation rates. Generally, a test time of one decade is equivalent to a temperature rise of 10°C

Figure 2: Arrhenius Plot Showing the Degradation Times and Inverse Temperature

 

Key Assumptions:

In most applications involving temperature acceleration replicating a failure mechanism, a degradation process might involve multiple steps with each of the steps having its own rate constants and activation energy. It is assumed that these phenomena can be approximated over the full temperature range by the Arrhenius equation.  It is also assumed that the chemical degradation process plays  major part in the failure mechanism, if the failure is a stress induced one then the Arrhenius equation method cannot be usefully employed. Method assumes that the chemical deterioration induced in the lab is directly correlated to the service life in the field.

Limitations and Benefits:

Arrhenius extrapolation to predict service life using accelerated aging  and degradation exhibits some limitations and many reports showing that temperature effects on degradation kinetics cannot always be described using the Arrhenius equation have been published. However, Arrhenius extrapolation being easy to perform, reproducible, replicable and practically relevant in large amount of field service applications is widely used for lifetime prediction of polymers in different environments.

 

Conclusions:

Various approaches can be applied to determine life of elastomer components used in engineering applications.  It is imperative to define their failure modes and failure mechanisms and establish verification and correlations between field service conditions and laboratory testing samples. The Arrhenius method provides a quantifiable determination of the service life of elastomer components in engineering applications.

 

References:

  1. Celina, M., Gillen, K.T., Assink, R. K., Accelerated Aging and Lifetime Prediction: Review of Non-Arrhenius Behavior due to Two Competing Processes, Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 90, 2005
  2. Leyden, Jerry., Failure Analysis in Elastomer Technology: Special Topics, Rubber Division, 2003
  3. Roland, C.M., Vagaries of Elastomer Service Life Prediction, Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, 2009
  4. Bernstein, and Gillen K.T., Predicting the lifetime of Flurorosilicone O-rings, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2009
  5. Mott, C. M. Roland, Ageing of Natural Rubber in Air and Seawater, Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 2001
  6. Baranwal, Krishna., Elastomer Technology: Special Topics, Rubber Division, 2003
  7. Srinivas, K., and Pannikottu, A., Material Characterization and FEA of a Novel Compression Stress Relaxation Method to Evaluate Materials for Sealing Applications at the 28th Annual Dayton-Cincinnati Aerospace Science Symposium, March 2003.
  8. Srinivas, K., Systematic Experimental and Computational Mechanics Failure Analysis Methodologies for Polymer Components, ARDL Technical Report, March 2008.
  9. Dowling, N. E., Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture and Fatigue Prentice-Hall, NJ, 99
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FAILURE ANALYSIS OF POLYMER AND RUBBER MATERIALS

FAILURE ANALYSIS OF POLYMER AND RUBBER MATERIALS

Polymeric materials  like rubbers cure or harden (set) into a given shape, generally through the application of heat. Curing also known as vulcanizing is an irreversible chemical reaction in which permanent connections known as cross-links are made between the material’s molecular chains. These intra-molecular cross-links give the cured rubber material a solid three-dimensional structure.

Rubber products are designed using engineering principles of loads and deflections applied to a certain volume of material. The use of engineering principles in the development of rubber products provide an application envelope in which the products are expected to perform. Most of the products do provide the required services for satisfactory lifetimes, however  failures do occur. Failures occurring under field services conditions are expensive and it becomes imperative to identify the cause and rectify it as soon as possible. The failure mode of polymers sets limits to the process of engineering design.

Understanding the actual reason for failures is absolutely required to avoid recurrence and prevent failure in similar components, systems, structures or products. The analysis should also help with the understanding and improvement of design, materials selection, and manufacturing techniques.

Failure analysis consists of investigations to find out how and why parts and components failed.

The four major reasons for engineering failures are;

1) Poor and improper design features,

2) Incorrect use of material,

3) Defects introduced during manufacturing and

4) Service conditions.

Traditionally, failure analysis methods have focused on laboratory testing and chemical analysis of components to fully understand why components fail. The evolution of faster computers, as well as the growth of available material information, has made computer-based failure analysis using techniques like Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) more feasible and accessible.

Figure 1 shows the flowchart of a systematic approach to a typical failure analysis study. The process of failure study invariably starts with observing the working of the component under service conditions and gathering the facts about the conditions. One can identify patterns in the behavior of the material or component under service conditions and develop a technical hypothesis based on the observations. Once all the observations have been recorded, a failure hypothesis is generated that fits all the observations. This failure hypothesis is now tested to make sure that all the facts and observations fit into the failure narrative. Upon verification and validation of the tested hypothesis the conclusions are formed and finalized.

Figure 1: Systematic Approach to Failure Analysis

 

The failure analysis procedure calls for defining the function and operating condition of the elastomer component and establishing a failure criterion clearly quantifying under what performance and service conditions the component can be declared as having failed. The failure criterion may be an unacceptable change in a property and this change may cause a particular failure. Abnormal changes in the values of properties like stress relaxation, tear resistance, stiffness and modulus change, dynamic properties, etc can be defined. Then next step is to characterize and identify the underlining physics and mechanisms involved in causing this changes. Establish the rate of change by accelerated laboratory testing at different levels of severity and different time intervals. It is important to keep the accelerated test conditions similar to the service conditions and perform the test at atleast four (4) temperatures higher than average service temperature. These four conditions can be suitably used for life predictions using Arrhenius technique.

Figure 2: Failure Analysis

ASTM E860-2013

Any investigation in failure analysis results in large amount of data regarding the sample history, test data, analysis and discussion of results. ASTM E860-2013 specifies a protocol for the examination of forensic evidence pertaining to failure analysis. This well developed method can be taken as a template to follow  and carry out the failure analysis procedure as described. This establishes  a well defined protocol showing the steps followed to collect, document, study and analyze and present the results for failure analysis on material samples and components.

The following shows in brief the information from ASTM E860-2013 specifications;

1) Chain of Custody Documentation

1.1) Copies of receiving and shipping documentation

1.2) Pictures of materials as received

2) Physical Evidence Documentation

2.1) Labelings

2.2) Samples with benchmarks

3) Steps in dissection

4) Steps in Testing

5) Test equipment number, calibration etc.

6) Photo Documentation

6.1) Digital

6.2) SEM, TEM etc.

The approaches discussed in flowcharts 1 and 2 can be applied to determine failure analysis of polymer components used in engineering applications. It is important to define failure modes and failure mechanisms for parts under service conditions. It is also critical to establish validations between field and laboratory samples using different physical and chemical analysis techniques. The primary rate determining mechanism of component failure can be used to predict failures using the accelerated functional tests.

The failure mode analysis effort conducted on polymer materials provides a good materials and process database for design and FEA engineers who can optimize the product without the need for expensive trial and errors thus reducing cost and time to market.

References:

  1. Leyden, Jerry., Failure Analysis in Elastomer Technology: Special Topics, Rubber Division, 2003
  2. Baranwal, Krishna., Elastomer Technology: Special Topics, Rubber Division, 2003
  3. Srinivas, K., and Pannikottu, A., Material Characterization and FEA of a Novel Compression Stress Relaxation Method to Evaluate Materials for Sealing Applications at the 28th Annual Dayton-Cincinnati Aerospace Science Symposium, March 2003.
  4. Srinivas, K., Systematic Experimental and Computational Mechanics Failure Analysis Methodologies for Polymer Components, ARDL Technical Report, March 2008.
  5. Dowling, N. E., Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture and Fatigue Prentice-Hall, NJ, 99
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Design Analysis of Engine Mounts and Suspension Components

Abstract: A tier 1 OEM supplier was seeking to enhance the durability of the engine mount. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) on its metal-elastomer bonded engine mount designs has been carried out to study the performance of the mounts under service loads. The present work involved studying material properties of the compound and analysis on the part to verify the stiffness and performance characteristics of the mount. The mount design has also been analyzed under six different directional forces.

Methodology:

1) Characterize material properties to adequately represent the rubber material.

2) Mooney-Rivlin, Ogden, Yeoh material models were evaluated to suitably represent the material compound.

3) Multi-step analysis was carried out by first simulating the pre-compression and then simulating the torsion, tension and shear.

4) Large strain deformation analysis along with multi-step analysis procedure had to be carried out.

Results and Discussion:

Results from the co-relation of experimental tests and FEA show the effectiveness of FEA as a tool in the development of suspension components. Analysis results for the directional and moment loads have shown the geometric locations of the excessive deformation taking place in the engine mount. The locations of maximum stress and strain concentration are around the bonding areas of the metal-rubber interface. Results show that for a higher fatigue life of the mount at high loads the deformation in the bonding region needs to be minimized

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